ABSTRACT
The logical discussions focus mainly on the fact that substitutivity of identicals is not a valid inference rule within opaque contexts, that is, that one cannot move from a sentence containing one description of something to a sentence containing an alternative description of it. The same is true of generic noun phrases. Suppose, for example, that Charley believes that Russian women are beautiful on the grounds that Brigitte Bardot, Jeanne Moreau and Francoise Hardy are beautiful, believing these women to be Russian. However, the suggestion that the representation of the opaque reading consists of a semantic representation of the usual kind plus a representation of the descriptions which appear within the opaque context turns out to be simply the suggestion that the representation is a semantic representation of the usual kind.
