ABSTRACT
The first two waves of modernization in Lithuania of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were driven by the increase of physical and social mobility as peasantsmoved to the city, bringing social and ethnic groups that were historically separate into contact and interaction with one another. The third wave of Stalinist modernization in the wake of World War II was triggered by genocide, mass killing and displacement, which depopulated the cities and led to a massive rush of urbanization.
