ABSTRACT
This chapter considers the options for sanitation improvements at low cost. The risk of groundwater pollution is not necessarily a reason to reject on-site excreta disposal options. It is usually cheaper to provide an off-site water supply than off-site sanitation. One of the oldest and generally least hygienic systems is the bucket latrine. Twin-pit systems are probably best used by a single family. Flooding presents a serious challenge to sanitation systems, as faecal material can float out of the pit and contaminate the floodwater. There are essentially three different options for re-use: agriculture, aquaculture and energy production. Sullage is domestic wastewater not containing excreta or toilet wastes. It is sometimes called grey water in distinction to sewage or black water. Several of the technology options for sanitation depend on water for flushing, whether by pouring or from a cistern, and so the feasibility of these options depends on the reliability and level of service of the water supply.
