ABSTRACT
Caffeine, in the form of coffee, is ingested world-wide by millions of people every morning upon awakening to “get them going,” and during school or work breaks, throughout the day, to “keep them going.” Caffeinated carbonated colas are non-alcoholic, naturally or artificially sweetened beverages to which caffeine has been added or included as a natural derivative of the ingredients used in the preparation of the cola beverage. Caffeinated alcoholic beverages are alcoholic beverages to which significant amounts of caffeine have been added. Caffeine, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, is a mild, natural psychostimulant. The psychostimulant action of nicotine is dose-dependent. At lower dosages, nicotine acts as an agonist and stimulates the autonomic ganglia. Nicotine and its metabolites are rapidly excreted in the urine. Nicotine, primarily in the form of e-cigarettes, tobacco cigarettes, and nicotine replacement products is often concurrently used with over-the-counter drugs, or “over-the-counters”, and prescription drugs.
