ABSTRACT
Scientific management provided the first clearly articulated and recognized approach to designing and running an organization. The Industrial Revolution's technological advances soon outpaced the traditional management skills used in rural settings. Organized attempts at production by a large number of people needed clear management direction. Management would be concerned with the planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling of all aspects of the operation. Maximum efficiency would be accomplished through the most rational approach to management. Instead, organizations should have impersonal leadership that would be established through rule and regulations. Organizations such as Coca-Cola, Heinz Foods, Travelers Insurance, and Sears became important parts of the U. S. economy and underscored the importance of employee satisfaction. Pragmatically, loyalty to organizations can be seriously undermined through management actions. Organizational members become part of the solution rather than part of the problem. Organizational events include situations where individuals assign symbolic meanings through stories, myths, rituals, ceremonies, and nonverbal objects of the organizational cultural inventory.
