ABSTRACT
This chapter presents an overview of the understandings of independent learning and some closely related concepts: self-regulated learning, self-directed learning, autonomous learning, and volitional and non-volitional learning. It discusses some of the difficulties in researching this area of complex learning. The manner in which independent learning has been researched by the author is presented and discussed. The use of grounded theory, concurrent verbal protocol analysis, discourse analysis, and observation are outlined.
