ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the historical schism that exists between cognitive neuropsychology, which is aimed at developing purely cognitive accounts of cognition, and classical neuropsychology, which is aimed at developing brain-based accounts of cognition. Primarily used in humans, there are various noninvasive brain stimulation techniques of which transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is the most famous. The brain is the second most common site for tumors, and brain tumors are often spread from other parts of the body. TMS works by virtue of the principle of electromagnetic induction that was first discovered by Michael Faraday. TMS causes neurons underneath the stimulation site to be activated. If these neurons are involved in performing a critical cognitive function, then stimulating them artificially will disrupt that function. A number of viruses target specific cells in the brain. These include herpes simplex encephalitis, human immunodeficiency virus and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
