ABSTRACT
In the 20th century, many education systems tried to reconcile three perspectives when delineating the foundational ambitions of their official curriculum: economic perspective, societal perspective, and personal perspective. Socialization has to do with the many ways in which education introduces people into particular social, cultural, and political orders. For instance, in the age-old concept of “Bildung”, which offers a specific interpretation of the societal and personal perspective, education serves to contribute to the broad process of the cultivation of a person towards virtue and civic model behaviour. In 20th-century education, much of the classroom practice subsumed under headings like “learning how to learn” and “learning skills” focused on specific procedures such as note-taking, summarizing, scheduling, and self-testing. According to Albert Einstein, the major aim of education “must be the training of independently acting and thinking individuals who, however, can see in the service to the community their highest life achievement”.
