ABSTRACT
The Danish Defence Council elaborated on the risks of external shocks without defining or exemplifying what a shock could consist of. The 9/11 terrorist attacks were explicitly mentioned as a catalyst for the broad political agreement on further defence transformation reached in June 2002. The Danish authorities were determined in their path paved already before the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The defence transformation that had begun before the terrorist attacks continued. The terrorist attacks of September 2001 did not directly affect the Finnish defence policies and military strategies. Shortly after the terrorist attacks in September 2001 the Norwegian Cabinet spearheaded a transformation campaign of Norway's Armed Forces. The significance of the terrorist attacks was underscored in the opening paragraph where the Committee stated that a further review of the international order was needed to shed light on the changed threat scenarios. Clearly the terrorist attacks were unexpected by the Swedish government.
