ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on four neglected themes: the impact of African expansionist activities on the scramble, the diversity of responses to imperialism among different strata within any given society, localized protests against the imposition of a capitalist economy, and collaboration. It discusses a degree of universality, and selects examples from Mozambique and from other regions of southern and Central Africa. Initially African resistance was examined from the perspective of imperial history. Although the literature on scramble includes recurring references to conflicts between African polities, historians have generally ignored the impact of African expansionist activities on the ability and decision of affected people to resist. In Central and southern Africa these aggressions tended to be related to the perpetuation of preexisting territorial expansion, the rise of new conquest states dependent on European weapons and markets, or the Ngoni-Sotho diaspora. Much of the expansionist activity which occurred on the eve of the scramble manifested territorial ambitions largely unrelated to European imperial designs.
