ABSTRACT
This chapter describes how transitions to democracy are often analysed under specific theoretical constraints. As one of the earlier modern theorists of democracy, J. Schumpeter proposed 'another type of democracy' that was a response to what he perceived as the eighteenth-century 'classical doctrine of democracy'. The view that many of the problems of democracy or government in general are a result of a difference between societal and institutional evolutions has, to an extent, come to dominate the debate on democratisation. Multicausality and endogeneity are accepted as reasonable explanations of why democracy is so hard to predict. Institutionalism and elite-driven approaches to democratisation also question the validity of modernisation theory. Contrary to what institutionalism/pact school or modernisation theories propose 'democratic consolidation requires much more than elections and markets'. The Europe is the clearest – and probably only – example of economic internationalisation being used as a tool for political integration.
