ABSTRACT
A comparison of the bureaucratic procedures within the two systems also shows that certain bureaucratic procedures which facilitated civil-military cooperation in Nord-Pas-de-Calais were virtually absent in Westphalia. In the 1880s and the early 1890s intervention by military troops in Nord-Pas-de-Calais was characterised by a lack of coherent strategy and consistency in the procedures from one incident to another. In an area as turbulent as Nord-Pas-de-Calais, the civil-military correspondence on policing issues was particularly intense. The detailed planning also ensured that both were acquainted with the standard operating procedures for civil-military cooperation. The procedures of cooperation with the military authorities were characterised by a high degree of institutional formalisation and practical organisation. The civil-military confrontations on that occasion also indicate the importance of the pre-established consensus and mutual confidence. With civil-military relations otherwise characterised by mutual suspicion, the repeated implementation and entrenchment of the same measures and procedures allowed for some level of mutual trust.
