ABSTRACT
Planning and design interventions-along with policies, regulations, and new technologies-can reduce exposure to environmental noise, which can be especially burdensome in densely populated areas. Environmental noise exposure is not a life-threatening public health issue, but it is a problem increasing due to urbanization. The health risks associated with noise exposure are greater once sound reaches 55 decibels (dB) during the night and 70 dB during the day, and over long durations. Certain age cohorts, mainly children and older adults, are most vulnerable to the health risks posed by environmental noise. Reducing noise levels can provide short-term and immediate health benefits. Yet, according to the World Health Organization, "the health impacts of the combined exposure to noise, air pollutants, and chemicals are rarely considered in epidemiological studies. Although it is virtually impossible to eliminate environmental noise, efforts can be taken to reduce the volume and frequency of unwanted noise and to separate people from noise sources.
