ABSTRACT
Unbundled parking increases the fixed cost of car ownership, and this higher fixed cost may lead some residents to decide not to buy a second car. Just as bundled parking increases spending on cars and driving, unbundled parking reduces it. Some residents are thus, in a sense, offered unbundled parking because they can select an apartment without a parking space if they choose to live in an old building. Tiebout sorting undoubtedly occurs, but it is a dumsy way to provide unbundled parking, and it becomes less effective as time passes. Unbundled parking will raise ownership costs proportionally more for the older and less reliable second (or third or fourth) cars in a household, which often consume more fuel and produce more pollution. Off-street parking requirements are intended to prevent parking spillover. Urban planners have no training to estimate the demand for parking, and no financial stake in the success of a development.
