ABSTRACT
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book describes the intersection of crimes perpetrated by three sectors of society (the state, the market and civil society) in the case of Trafigura's dumping of toxic waste in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, in August 2006. It contributes to the empirical literature on state and state-corporate crime and modestly develops understanding of the means by which powerful entities are able to avoid censure and punishment. The book aims to reveal the problematic nature of applying sanctions to powerful corporations by way of the criminal and civil justice systems. It focuses on the unfit nature of the world's multifarious legal systems when it comes to controlling corporate crime. The implications of the findings suggest new directions of research for criminology and in particular a more penetrating study of the concept of civil society.
