ABSTRACT
It is hard to open a book about sustainability or the environment without coming across the idea of resilience. The Stockholm Centre also says that resilience is about how humans and nature can use shocks and disturbances such as climate change to spur innovative social thinking. Some of the most significant work on resilience was carried out by Canadian ecologist C. S. Holling, who distinguished between two types of resilience within natural systems. The main difference between these two ideas is that where everything is working well, high engineering resilience results in minimal, if any, change, but high ecological resilience may result in change in one form or another because of the adaptation. All natural systems have ecological resilience processes built into them. The idea of resilience has been used as metaphor or tool to help us think about a wide range of problems.
