ABSTRACT
This chapter looks at four types of international agreements concerning arrangements for embassies and consulates; trade; financial loans; and cultural, educational and technological cooperation. The arrangements regarding the establishment and operation of embassies and consulates are often concluded in the form of informal memoranda of understanding, reflecting their essentially private and sensitive nature, even for states enjoying relatively normal relations. There are several different types of trade agreements including general economic cooperation agreements, partial or sector agreements on specific goods, services; civil aviation; shipping; intercontinental land transport; and trade-related research cooperation on plant and animal diseases. Standard goods trade agreements with tariff reduction schedules have been augmented — depending on the style and preferences of the parties, with additional areas such as rules of origin, technical barriers to trade and sanitary-phytosanitary provisions. Administrative arrangements are normally limited to a single Joint Economic and Trade Committee, to avoid cost and nominal diplomacy.
