Introduction

Complicated systems are composed of many different interacting parts whose behaviour follow a precise logic and repeat itself in a patterned way. They are therefore predictable. Automatic watches with mechanical movements composed of hundreds of coordinated elements are examples of complicated systems. Complex systems are dominated by dynamics that are often beyond our control. These dynamics are the result of multiple interactions between variables that do not follow a regular pattern. Complexity is relevant for public policy-makers because most countries face several concurrent challenges that simultaneously affect social, economic and environmental dimensions. The manufacturing sector is confronted with complex challenges. The most important of these is to maintain a high level of competitiveness in increasingly interconnected markets. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.