ABSTRACT
Friedrich Schopenhauer, who was capable on occasion of clear and keen analysis, constantly insists that the forms of space and time must not be applied to the idea or to artistic contemplation, which admits of the general form of representation only. Johann Friedrich Herbart considers aesthetic judgements as a general class comprising ethical judgements as a subdivision: "amongst other beauties is to be distinguished morality, as a thing not only of value in itself but as actually determining the unconditioned value of persons". The five ethical ideas guiding moral life (internal liberty, perfection, benevolence, equity and justice) are five aesthetic ideas or rather aesthetic concepts applied to relations of will. Herbart looks on art as a complex fact, the combination of an extra-aesthetic element, content, which may have logical or psychological or any other kind of value, and a purely æsthetic element, form, which is an application of the fundamental aesthetic concepts.
