ABSTRACT
Karl Marx distinguished not only the fundamental causes of war, but the various causes of certain types of struggle. The cause of a war at one particular moment is not necessarily identical with the cause of war at another period—even though the amount of violence may be equivalent. Two distinct things are entailed: the process of history may eliminate former antagonisms and the interests of one group at a particular time may express itself in military violence, and at another time, in nonviolent struggle. In large measure, the nature of heroism in a thermonuclear age has shifted from the direct physical conquest of others, to a "symbolic" and nonviolent struggle against existing evils. The search for peace at the individual level signifies a cooperative relation between man and the object of desires; a substitution of identification for alienation. This "third force" approach is a "first force" for survival.
