ABSTRACT
Verbal knowledge level, VL, is one of three primary causal factors at Echelon 3 in the causal model, along with pronunciation knowledge level, PL, and cognitive speed level, Cs. Remember also from Chapter 1 that verbal level is one of the two proximal causes of accuracy level, along with pronunciation level. An individual cannot achieve highly in reading without a high level of verbal knowledge, VL, but having a high verbal knowledge level is not enough to guarantee high reading achievement as the documented cases of some dyslexics attest (Levine & Osbourne, 1989).
