ABSTRACT
The simple view idea summarizes what educators can do to cause improvement in accuracy level, via teaching and learning. Educators have less control over the other parts of the causal model. The other parts are influenced by cognitive speed level, and there is no known way for educators to help individuals increase their cognitive speed. So, if we want to improve reading achievement, or EL, then we need to focus upon the two factors that can be improved by teaching and learning, which are (a) the students ability to comprehend spoken language, VL, and (b) the students ability to transform printed words into spoken language, PL. However, VL and PL are not independently potent for increasing AL for all readers, as will be described in much more detail in the following section. Then, these theoretical relationships will be compared to related ideas in the research literature. A subsequent section will present a summary of the empirical evidence relevant to the theory that VL and PL are two proximal causes of AL.
