ABSTRACT
In this chapter, I examine several alterative theories of argument, with special emphasis on the theory of appraisal. Several such types exist. I discuss dialogue logics briefly in the next section. Toulmin-type theories hold that the significant standards are field-dependent. I examine three forms of field theory. Another well-developed alternative theory that bears examination is the Pragma-dialectical approach of van Eemeren and Grootendorst (1992), which does not represent itself as a logical approach but that clearly intends to be a theory of argumentation. Last, I want to look, only briefly, at Willard's (1989) theory of argument—a very different approach to argument coming out of the disciplines of rhetoric and speech communication.
