ABSTRACT
The theory on which the MCMI-I and MCMI-II were constructed has now undergone considerable development. No longer is it based primarily on the behavioral principles of reinforcement and conditioning (Millon, 1969; Millon & Everly, 1985), but is instead anchored broadly and firmly to evolutionary theory (Millon, 1990; Millon & Davis, 1996). With this change, personality disorders are seen as evolutionary constructs derived from the fundamental tasks that all organisms confront, namely, the struggle to exist or survive (pleasure versus pain), the effort to either adapt to the environment or adapt the environment to oneself (passive versus active), and the strategy to make large reproductive investments in a single or a few offspring versus the strategy of reproducing many offspring without much subsequent care (other versus self).
