ABSTRACT
PAI scale and subscale raw scores are transformed to T-scores to provide interpretation relative to a standardization sample of 1,000 community-dwelling adults. This sample was carefully selected to match 1995 U.S. census projections on the basis of gender, race, and age; the educational level of the standardization sample was selected to be representative given the required fourth-grade reading level; over half of the sample were high school graduates or lower. The only stipulation for inclusion in the standardization sample (other than stratification fit) was that the participant had to endorse more than 90% of PAI items; in other words, no more than 33 items could be left blank. No other restrictions based on the PAI data were applied in creating the census-matched standardization sample.
