ABSTRACT
Guttman describes a unidimensional scale as one in which the respondents' responses to the objects would place individuals in perfect order. F. J. King has utilized scalogram analysis or Guttman Scaling to grade the difficulty of cloze tests. A cloze test asks the subject to complete passages in which a specific scattered set of words has been deleted. Smith applied Guttman Scaling to the construction and validation of arithmetic achievement tests. Mokken Scales are like Guttman scales but probabilistic rather than deterministic. That is, the item difficulties are taken into account when ordering the items of the scale. Dominance Theory of Order is used with dichotomously scored items that suggest the dominance of one choice over the other scored 1 or 0. Fisher's exact probability can provide an indication of the degree of recursiveness or circularity in the data. The test reliability or internal consistency of dominance data is better determined by Cudeck's CT3 index, also formulated by Loevinger.
