ABSTRACT
United States, the Educational Testing Service (e.g., A. Nairn, & Associates, 1980). Intelligence and other tests of general mental ability have certainly been the most frequently criticized psychological constructs (e.g., Kamin, 1974), although even tests used in making psychodiagnostic decisions in psychiatric settings have not been immune from criticism (Dawes, 1994). (Psychologists use the term construct hypothetically to represent what the public might call a characteristic.) General mental-ability tests, similar to tests of intelligence, have been subjected to intensive scrutiny by the National Research Council (Wigdor & Garner, 1982). Certain employment tests used in industry to hire employees have also engendered significant concern and debate (Hardigan & Wigdor, 1989).
