ABSTRACT
In 1963 John Carroll wrote an article in the Teachers College Record entitled, “A Model for School Learning” (Carroll, 1963). It was in that article that Carroll laid the groundwork for mastery learning when he stated that time spent and time needed to learn are keys to achievement. Carroll emphasized that given sufficient opportunity to learn (allocated equity instruction time), and time spent actually learning (engaged learning time), the vast majority of students can achieve some specified, expected level of performance.
