ABSTRACT
For there are, in fact, undesirable ways to increase levels of participation, at least in the short term. For example, if social conditions are allowed to deteriorate sharply and people become frustrated, they may well participate angrily. Indeed, popular dissatisfaction and frustration with the quality and quantity of the services they receive is probably the most common reason for rising levels of participation. As Hirschman pointed out,7 an increase in the decibel levels of ‘voice’ usually occurs in response to disappointment.
