ABSTRACT
Agenda 21 agreed that official development assistance (ODA) would be a main source of financing for implementation in developing countries and that substantial new and additional funding was required for funding sustainable development. At the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), the perception that developed countries had fallen short of their 1992 commitments on financing formed the backdrop of what became some of the toughest negotiations of the summit. In the end, the WSSD reiterated existing commitments on financing, and placed a stronger emphasis on mobilizing resources and creating an enabling environment for investment, private international financial flows, public–private partnerships and the effective use of ODA. The other means of implementation outlined in Agenda 21 (transfer of environmentally sound technologies; science for sustainable development; promoting education; public awareness and training; capacity-building; and information for decision-making) all remain within the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) under Chapter X. National mechanisms and international institutional arrangements are addressed in Chapter XI.
