ABSTRACT
THEYINCORPORATEELEMENTSOFFAIRPROCESSnIFFORNOOTHERREASONTHANTHATTHE PROCESSACTIVELYINCORPORATESTHEPERSPECTIVESANDVALUESOFMULTIPLESTAKEHOLDERS )FSCENARIOPRACTITIONERSCONSCIOUSLYCONSIDERTHEVARIOUSELEMENTSTHATUNDERPIN FAIRNESSTHEREBYMAKINGANIMPLICITPRACTICEMOREEXPLICIT)BELIEVEITWOULDBOTH ENHANCETHEIMPACTANDREACHOFTHEIRWORKANDMAKETHESCENARIOPROCESSFAIRER &AIRNESSISONEOFTHEKEYDIMENSIONSOFTRUSTSOBYEXTENDINGANIMPLICITLYFAIR PROCESSTOAWIDERlELDOFACTORSANDSTAKEHOLDERSTHESCENARIOROLL OUTOFFERSA MEANSTOACHIEVENOTONLYAFAIREROUTCOMEBUTALSOAMORETRUSTEDONE )HAVESTRUCTUREDTHISCHAPTERASFOLLOWS)lRSTEXAMINEHOWTHEINCREASING
COMPLEXITYANDRELEVANTUNCERTAINTYINTURBULENCERENDERTHEFORMATIONOFTHE COMMONGROUNDIMPORTANT)THENBRIEmYSUMMARIZETHETHEORETICALUNDERPINNINGS OFFAIRNESSANDSUGGESTHOWUNDERSTANDINGTHEMCANIMPROVESCENARIOPRACTICE ANDITSACCEPTANCE!FTERTHAT)DESCRIBETHEISSUESTHATCONTRIBUTETOFAIRPROCESS MOSTOFWHICHAREIMPLICITLYPARTOFSCENARIOPRACTICE)THENARGUETHATSCENARIOS BYBRINGINGTOGETHERMULTIPLEWORLDVIEWSOFTHEFUTUREINTOASHAREDFRAMEWORK PROVIDETHEPOTENTIALTOCREATETHECOMMONGROUNDSOTHATATTENDINGTOFAIRNESS INSCENARIOPRACTICECANPRODUCEAFAIREROUTCOME
)NAGLOBALIZEDINTERCONNECTEDWORLDISSUESBECOMEMORETRANSPARENTANDDIVISIONS MOREAPPARENT4HEISSUESTHATRECEIVEWIDESPREADATTENTIONANDGENERATECONCERN TENDTOBETANGLEDCOMPLICATEDAFFAIRS3UCH@WICKEDPROBLEMSASTERMEDBY 2ITTELAND7EBBER REmECTTHECOALESCENCEOFSOCIALTECHNICALANDPOLITICAL DILEMMASTHATCANCUTACROSSTHEBOUNDARIESOFCOMMUNITIESORGANIZATIONSOR NATIONS!LTHOUGHPOLICY MAKERSANDGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTSARENEATLYDIVIDED INTOCONSTITUENTPARTSCOMPLEXHUMANTECHNOLOGICALANDENVIRONMENTALSYSTEMS ARENOT3OMOREOFTENTHANNOTDECISIONSIMPACTINGUPONSUCHMULTIFACETED ISSUESAREMADEWITHASINGLE ISSUELENSGIVINGRISETOCONmICTBETWEENMULTIPLE STAKEHOLDERGROUPSAFFECTEDBYCUMULATIVEIMPACTSORUNINTENDEDCONSEQUENCES 3UCH CONTROVERSIES THEN COMPOUND THE SYSTEMIC VOLATILITY OF THESE ALREADY TURBULENTENVIRONMENTS 7ICKEDPROBLEMSARECHARACTERIZEDBYUNCERTAINFACTSANDINVOLVEHIGHSTAKES
ANDDISPUTEDVALUES!LTHOUGHSOMEAPPEARTOREQUIREURGENTDECISION MAKING THISISDIFlCULTTOACHIEVEDUETOTHECOMPLEXINTERRELATIONSHIPSAMONGDIVERSE ACTORSWHEREPOWERRELATIONSANDROLESAREmUIDANDDYNAMIC%XAMPLESINCLUDE THEDIVISIONOFHIGHLYVALUED INDIVISIBLEORlNITE RESOURCES THEPARTITIONOF TRANSBOUNDARYRISKSORETHICALLIFE OR DEATHISSUES7ICKEDPROBLEMSDEFYSOLUTIONS BYANALYTICALMETHODSASTHEYCOMETOGETHERINNON LINEARCOMBINATIONSTHATARE NOTONLYUNEXPECTEDBUTWHICHCANALSOFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGETHETEXTUREOF THECONTEXTnFOREXAMPLETHE3EPTEMBERATTACKSBY"IN,ADENSMEN ORTHE!)$3EPIDEMICSEE#HAPTERSANDINTHISVOLUMEFORSIMILARANALYSES OFHOWSINGLEEVENTSCANCHANGECAUSALTEXTURES 7ICKEDPROBLEMSEXHIBITTHE TYPE)6TURBULENTlELDCONDITIONSIDENTIlEDBY%MERYAND4RIST WHERE THEINHERENTNATUREOFTHElELDCOMBINEDWITHTHEDYNAMICINTERACTIONAMONG DISPARATEPARTIESHASAMPLIlEDLEVELSOFUNCERTAINTYANDCREATEDEMERGENTlELD FORCES )TISALMOSTHALFACENTURYSINCE%MERYAND4RIST DEMONSTRATEDTHAT
ORGANIZATIONALSURVIVALANDEFFECTIVENESSINTURBULENTSOCIALlELDSREQUIREDNEW FORMSOFCOOPERATIONBYFORMERCOMPETITORSUNDERTHERUBRICOFSHAREDVALUES 4HEYBELIEVEDTHISREQUIREDANEWSETOF@VALUESTHATHAVEOVERRIDINGSIGNIlCANCE FORALLMEMBERSINTHElELDANDATTHATTIMETHEYSUGGESTEDTHATTHISWOULDBE AVERYSLOWPROCESS%STABLISHINGSUCHSOCIALVALUESWOULDREQUIRENEWFORMSOF COOPERATIVERELATIONSHIPSWHEREPARTIESWOULDHAVEALIGNEDTHEIRINTERESTSAND CREATEDMUTUALGOALSINORDERTOCREATEACOMMONFUTUREDESIREDBYALLIETHE @COMMONGROUND 'OODSCENARIOPRACTICEDRAWINGADIVERSEGROUPOFDISPARATESTAKEHOLDERS
TOGETHERTOSEARCHFORSHAREDFUTUREINTERESTSOFFERSAPOTENTIALFRAMEWORKFOR BUILDINGTHECOMMONGROUNDnANDTODOSOPERHAPSFASTERTHAN%MERYAND4RIST ORIGINALLYSUGGESTEDSEE#HAPTERINTHISBOOK 4HESCENARIOSTORIESPRODUCED
BYTHISPROCESSINTURNTHENOFFERTHEPOTENTIALTOMOVETHECOLLABORATIVESCENARIO BUILDINGEXERCISECONDUCTEDAMONGALIMITEDGROUPOFKEYSTAKEHOLDERSTOAWIDER GROUPABLETOSHAREACOMMONFRAMEWORKANDLANGUAGE-YRESEARCHSHOWSTHAT THISCOOPERATIVEPROCESSOFDISCOVERINGTHECOMMONGROUNDHASTHEPOTENTIALTO TRANSFORMTHETURBULENTlELDINTOALESSCOMPLEXENVIRONMENTFORTHOSEINVOLVED UNDERPINNEDBYASHAREDSETOFVALUESORACOMMONETHICALCODE 2ESEARCHSUGGESTSTHATFAIRNESSISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTFORDECISION MAKING
THATINVOLVESLONGTIMESCALESBOTHFORNEGOTIATIONANDDECISIONMAINTENANCE !LBIN9OUNGB nANDMANYOFTHESEARETYPE)6ENVIRONMENTS #ONSIDERINGFAIRNESSASANISSUEISUSEFULNOTONLYFROMTHEETHICALPERSPECTIVE INORDERTOACHIEVEACCEPTABLEDECISIONSBUTALSOFROMAPRAGMATICPERSPECTIVE TOENSURECOMPLIANCEANDTOAVOIDCONSTANTCONFRONTATIONSANDSTALEMATEORTHE NEEDFORENFORCEMENTMECHANISMSTOIMPLEMENTUNPOPULARDECISIONS)NCONTRAST FAIRNESSISOFLESSSIGNIlCANCEINTHEDECISION MAKINGPROCESSFORTHEHIERARCHICAL TYPE))ENVIRONMENTSWHICHAREMORE LIKELYTOHAVECENTRALIZEDCONTROLAND COORDINATIONSTRUCTURESORTYPE)))ENVIRONMENTSWHEREPOWERSTRUGGLESBETWEEN COMPETINGORGANIZATIONSINTERESTGROUPSOREVENGOVERNMENTSARELIKELYTOTAKE PLACE%MERYAND4RIST
&AIRNESSISEMBEDDEDINOURSOCIALVOCABULARYYETPARADOXICALLYINMANYSITUATIONS ITAPPEARSTOBENEITHERWELLDElNEDNORWELLRESEARCHED&AIRNESSCANBEDElNEDAS @FREEFROMBIASFRAUDORINJUSTICEEQUITABLELEGITIMATEIMPARTIAL/XFORD%NGLISH $ICTIONARY 4HISDElNITIONRAISESTHEFUNDAMENTALINTRACTABLEQUESTION@&AIR TOWHOM4HISQUESTIONISONETHATMANYSCENARIOEXERCISESWOULDBEWISETO CONSIDEREXPLICITLY)NDEEDTHEQUESTIONOF@WHOMDEPENDSENTIRELYUPONTHESIZE OFTHEGROUPIDENTIlEDASTHATSHARINGACOMMONSENSEOFIDENTIlCATIONnFROM ORGANIZATIONORNEIGHBOURHOODTOEVENANATIONALITYORTHEHUMANRACEASA WHOLE2ORTY !NOUTCOMETHATISFAIRTOAGROUPOFPARTIESATONELEVELMAY NOTBEFAIRATADIFFERENTGEOGRAPHICORTEMPORALSCALEIETHEWIDERINTERNATIONAL LEVEL ORTOFUTUREGENERATIONS #ONCEPTIONSOFFAIRNESSVARYDEPENDINGUPONCULTUREAGEGENDERANDSTATUS
9ETTHECONCEPTOFFAIRNESSISBELIEVEDTOBEAUNIVERSALNOTION2AWLS 6IEWSONFAIRNESSARECONTAINEDINTHE"IBLETHE4ALMUDANDIN#HINESEWRITINGS 2ECENTRESEARCHINDICATESTHATTHEFRONTALLOBEOFTHEHUMANBRAINTHEDORSOLATERAL PREFRONTALCORTEX$,0&# ISPROGRAMMEDTOSUPPRESSBASICHUMANSELF INTEREST ANDENABLESHUMANSTOCONTROLFAIRNESSWITHINSOCIETY0HILLIPS ANDTHAT PRIMATESALSOSANCTIONTHOSEWHODONOTMEETTHEIRCONCEPTOFFAIRNESS$E7AAL
&AIRNESSASWEHAVECOMETOUNDERSTANDITINTHE7ESTFALLSINTOTWOBASIC CATEGORIES4HElRSTATTENDSTOMETHODANDTHESECONDTORESULTS0ROCEDURALOR PROCESSFAIRNESSISACHIEVEDWHENTHEMETHODBYWHICHADECISIONISREACHED ISFAIRWHILEOUTCOMEORSUBSTANTIVEFAIRNESSISTHERESULTOFADECISIONTHATIS INTRINSICALLYAFAIRONE5NDOUBTEDLYACHIEVINGOUTCOMEFAIRNESSISMOREDESIRABLE THANACHIEVINGPROCESSFAIRNESSASTHERESULTISGENERALLY MOREIMPORTANTTHAN THEMEANS(OWEVERTHEREAREINSTANCESWHERENOOUTCOMEWILLBEFAIRTOALL PARTIESIETHEALLOCATIONOFARESOURCEORBURDENFORWHICHTHEREISNOADEQUATE COMPENSATION SUCHASTHESITINGOFANUCLEARWASTEPROCESSINGPLANTORTHE PROVISIONOFLIFE SAVINGDRUGSTOONLYAPROPORTIONOFALARGERGROUP)NSUCH CASESPARTIESMAYAGREETOAFAIRPROCESSANDACCEPTTHERESULTINGSOLUTIONEVENIF THEOUTCOMEISANUNFAIRONE!LBIN2ENNETAL 4HEREARE THREEMAJORPHILOSOPHICALDOCTRINESONWHICH THECONCEPTSOF
FAIRNESSAREBASEDnEQUALITYEQUITYANDPRIORITYnWHICH)SUMMARIZEBELOW 0ARTIESTENDTOVIEWFAIRNESSFROMTHEIROWNDISTINCTVANTAGEPOINTANDRESEARCH !LBIN9OUNGA INDICATESTHATTHEPREFERENCEOFDOCTRINEWILLDEPEND UPONSEVERALFACTORSMOSTNOTABLYTHEPARTIESPERCEPTIONSOFPOWERANDSTATUS 3TRONGPARTIESFAVOUREQUITYWHILEWEAKERPARTIESFAVOUREQUALITY3IMILARLYMEN GENERALLYFAVOUREQUITYANDMOSTWOMENEQUALITY6ERYSMALLCHILDRENWILLCHOOSE STRICTEQUITYBUTASTHEYGROWOLDERTHEYWILLFAVOUREQUALITYBEFOREREVERSINGTO EQUITYWHENTHEYMATURE
Equity (proportionality)
&AIRNESSISADISTINCTPRINCIPLEINJUSTICEnIN'REEKTIMESKNOWNASNATURALJUSTICE !RISTOTLEWASTHElRSTTOARTICULATETHISFORMOFJUSTICEBASEDONBALANCEARGUING THATSOCIALGOODANDBADSHOULDBEALLOCATEDINPROPORTIONTOTHECONTRIBUTIONOF EACHPARTYTOTHEASSET(EDISTINGUISHEDBETWEENJUSTICEANDEQUITYANDRECOGNIZED THATNOSYSTEMOFJUSTICECOULDANTICIPATEEVERYCIRCUMSTANCETHATAROSEANDTHAT INCERTAINCASESLEGALJUDGEMENTSREQUIREDADAPTATIONINORDERTOACHIEVEFAIRNESS 4HISDISTINCTIONHASCONTINUEDnFOREXAMPLEINTHE5+THE,ORD#HANCELLORHAD THEPOWERTOREDRESSHARSHJUDGEMENTSUTILIZINGASYSTEMOFEQUITYCOURTSSEPARATE FROMTHECOURTSOFLAWUNTILTHECOURTSWEREMERGEDINTHEEARLYTHCENTURY 7ITHEQUITYRESOURCESREWARDSSUCHASHONOURSPUBLICPROPERTYORPROlTS
ORBURDENSAREMEANTTOBEDISTRIBUTEDPROPORTIONALLYTORELEVANTCONTRIBUTIONS INPUTS #ONTRIBUTIONSCANTAKEMANYFORMSWEALTHSKILLSINTELLIGENCEEFFORT nSUCHASHOURSWORKEDORTASKSCOMPLETED(OWEVERTHESECONTRIBUTIONSARELIKELY TOBEVALUEDDIFFERENTLYBYTHEVARIOUSPARTIESNEGOTIATINGANDALTHOUGHTHEYARE SOMETIMESEASYTOMEASURETHEYCANALSOBEQUALITATIVERATHERTHANQUANTITATIVE BYNATUREMAKINGTHEALLOCATIONSPROBLEMATIC3IMILARPROBLEMSOCCURWHENTHE RESOURCESAREINDIVISIBLESUCHASAFAMOUSPAINTINGORCHILDRENINADIVORCE
%QUITYDISTRIBUTIONCANBEUSED FOR SEVERALPROCEDURALMECHANISMS THAT )DISCUSSINMOREDETAILBELOWSUCHASROTATIONSALEANDCOMPENSATION4HE PARTITIONOF0AKISTANAND)NDIAISANEXAMPLEOFDIVISIONBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLES OFEQUITY!LLCASHANDGOVERNMENTDEBTWASDIVIDEDINARATIOOFPER CENTBASEDONTHEPROPORTIONOFTHEPOPULATIONATTHATTIME WHILEOTHERDIVISIBLE GOODSWEREDIVIDEDINARATIOOFPERCENTTHEROUNDINGOFTHEPROPORTION /NEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINDIVISIBLEITEMSnTHENAME)NDIAnWASKEPTBYTHE LARGERHALF9OUNGB
Equality (egalitarianism)
%QUALITYISALSOCALLEDIMPARTIALJUSTICEORPARITY)TISBASEDONTHEPHILOSOPHYOF *EAN *ACQUES2OUSSEAU ANDTHEPRINCIPLETHATALLMENAREBORNEQUAL4HIS IMPLIESALLPARTIESSHOULDRECEIVEANEQUALSHAREOFREWARDSANDBURDENSIRRESPECTIVE OFTHEIRNEEDSDIFFERINGRESOURCESANDCONTRIBUTIONS)TPROVIDESCLEAR CUTCHOICES ANDCANTHEREFOREBEPERCEIVEDTOPROVIDEAFAIROUTCOME7HILEINPRINCIPLETHIS APPROACHTOEQUALSHARESOREQUALSACRIlCEAPPEARSTOBEUNAMBIGUOUSECONOMIC COSTSANDBENElTSAREOFTENUNFAIRLYDISTRIBUTED4HISMEANSTHATACHIEVINGAN OUTCOMEOFEQUALITYWHENPARTIESAREUNEQUALISDIFlCULTTOACHIEVEANDALSOOFTEN FAILSTOPROVIDEANEFlCIENTDISTRIBUTIONOFRESOURCES $ECISIONSBASEDONEQUALITYRARELYRECTIFYCURRENTINEQUALITIESPERPETUATING
ANYEXISTINGPERCEPTIONSOFUNFAIRNESS&OREXAMPLEDURING THEMIDS 3WEDENINITIATEDMULTILATERALNEGOTIATIONSREGARDINGTRANSBOUNDARYAIRPOLLUTION BASEDONRESEARCHPROVINGTHATFOREIGNSULPHURDIOXIDE3/ EMISSIONSWERE RESPONSIBLEFORACIDIlCATIONOFTHEIRLAKES%QUALITYHADBEENESTABLISHEDASTHE DISTRIBUTIVEPRINCIPLEININTERNATIONALNEGOTIATIONSSOTHERESULTANT(ELSINKI 0ROTOCOLMANDATEDAUNIFORMPERCENTREDUCTIONOF3/EMISSIONSWITHOUT TAKINGINTOCONSIDERATIONTHATCERTAINPARTIESSUCHAS.ORWAYAND3WEDENWERE BENElTINGMOREFROMTHEAGREEMENT/THERLESSDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESRELIANTON POLLUTINGTECHNOLOGIESWERElNANCIALLYPENALIZEDBYTHESEOBLIGATIONS 4HEPERCEIVEDUNFAIRNESSOF THISOUTCOMEAND SOMEOTHER INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS LED TO NEWER AGREEMENTS TAKING AWIDER PERSPECTIVE TO INCLUDE ECONOMICENVIRONMENTALANDOTHERFACTORSWITHTHEBIASSHIFTINGTOWARDSEQUITY 4HESUBSEQUENT3ECOND3ULPHUR0ROTOCOLTOTHE#ONVENTIONON,ONG 2ANGE4RANSBOUNDARY!IR0OLLUTIONAIMEDATACHIEVINGAPERCENTREDUCTION INACIDRAININORDERTORIDTHE%UROPEANCONTINENTOFITSEFFECTSWASSIGNEDBASED ONPRINCIPLESOFEQUITYANDEFlCIENCY4HE2EGIONAL!CIDIlCATION)NFORMATION 3YSTEM2!).3 MODELDEVELOPEDAT THE )NTERNATIONAL )NSTITUTEOF!PPLIED 3YSTEMS!NALYSIS))!3! WASUSEDTODETERMINEAFAIRBALANCEASPARTIESPERCEIVED ITTOBEPOLITICALLYNEUTRALSCIENTIlCALLYSOUNDANDANACCEPTABLEALTERNATIVETO ARBITRARYlXED PERCENTAGEREDUCTIONS
Priority (compensatory or redistributive justice)
4HETHIRDPRINCIPLEOFFAIRNESSISBASEDONFAIRDISTRIBUTIONPRIORITYORNEEDAND HASMOSTFAMOUSLYBEENSTUDIEDBY2AWLS )TMAINTAINSTHATONECANNOT ACHIEVEFAIRNESSBYUSINGTHESYSTEMOFEQUITYBETWEENCONTRIBUTIONSANDGAINS WHICHWILLUSUALLYREWARDTHOSEALREADYWELLENDOWED UNTILRESOURCESHAVEBEEN DIVIDEDSOASTOIMPROVETHEWELL BEINGOFTHEWORST OFFMEMBERSOFSOCIETYUPTO ABASICMINIMUMLEVELOFWELL BEINGTOMEETBASICHUMANNECESSITIES(OWEVER ANUNRESOLVEDANDPROBLEMATICISSUEISHOWTODElNETHISBASELEVELWHICHCAN RANGEFROMACCESSTOHEALTHEDUCATIONEMPLOYMENTORASAFEENVIRONMENT4HE CRITERIASPECIFYINGTHEMOSTSUITABLEORMOSTNEEDYPARTIESALSOREQUIREDElNITION POTENTIALLYANEMOTIVEPROCESS2EDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEISATTRACTIVEFROMTHEVICTIMS POINTOFVIEWBUTISLIKELYTOBERESISTEDBYTHOSEMEMBERSOFSOCIETYBENElTING FROMTHESTATUSQUO
Other principles of fairness
0RECEDENTHASSOMETIMESFORMEDTHEBASISFOROUTCOMEFAIRNESSnANDIT ISA PARTICULARFEATUREOFCOMMONLAWCOUNTRIES!FAIRDECISIONHEREWILLBEBASEDON APREVIOUSCOMPARABLEDECISIONWHICHSERVESASARULEFORDETERMININGALLOCATIONS 0RECEDENTISCOMMONLYUSEDINPLANNINGLAWLABOURMANAGEMENTNEGOTIATIONS ANDRENTNEGOTIATIONS 3O CALLEDSUPER FAIRNESSORENVY FREEDISTRIBUTIONSAREBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLE
THATNOPARTYSHOULDPREFERTHEPORTIONOFANOTHERTOHISOWN"AUMOL
@&AIRPROCESSPROFOUNDLYINmUENCESATTITUDESANDBEHAVIOURSTHATARECRITICALTO HIGHPERFORMANCE)TBUILDSTRUSTANDUNLOCKSIDEAS+IMAND-AUBORGNE P 3CENARIOSBYTHEIRVERYNATUREINCORPORATEELEMENTSOFFAIRPROCESSANDMOST SCENARIOPRACTITIONERSIMPLICITLYINCORPORATESOMEIFNOTALLOFTHESEASPECTSINTO THEIRWORK)BELIEVETHATARTICULATINGTHEMANYISSUESUNDERPINNINGFAIRPROCESS CANENHANCESCENARIOWORK 0ROCEDURALFAIRNESSORFAIRPROCESSREFERSTOTHEABILITYOFALLPARTIESTOTAKEPART
INTHEDECISION MAKINGPROCESSANDITCONCERNSTHEMETHODSUSEDFORARRIVING ATANACCEPTABLEDECISION)NLAWTHISISTERMEDAUDIALTERAMPARTEMnHEARTHE OTHERSIDE(OWTHESELECTIONOFTHE@OTHERSIDEISSTRUCTUREDANDHOWMUCH INVOLVEMENTOFTHIRDPARTIESTHEREISWILLAFFECTTHEFORMATIONOFTHECOMMON GROUND4HEREAREANUMBEROFASPECTSTOINVOLVEMENTINTHEPROCESSnNAMELY ATTENDANCEINITIATIONDISCUSSIONANDDECISIONANDACHIEVING&ORMOREDETAILED INFORMATIONREFERTOTHE.OMINAL'ROUP4ECHNIQUE.'4 THEMOSTCOMMON FORMATFORTHISINGROUPWORKVANDE6EN
(AVINGDISCUSSEDTHEVARIOUSCONCEPTIONSOFFAIRNESS)NOWBRIEmYSETOUT THEISSUESTHATDETERMINEPROCEDURALFAIRNESS-ANYARGUETHATEVENWHENAFAIR OUTCOMECANNOTBEACHIEVEDAFAIRPROCESSWILLGOALONGWAYTOENSUREACCEPTANCE LINKEDTOPERCEPTIONSOFRESPECTANDFAIRTREATMENT,INDAND4YLER
Attendance
!MOSTCRITICALASPECTOFFAIRPROCESSISWHETHERALLSTAKEHOLDERSAFFECTEDBYORWHO AFFECTTHESITUATIONAREREPRESENTEDINTHEPROCESSANDTHATTHEYHAVEAGENUINE OPPORTUNITYTOPARTICIPATE4HECHOICEOFREPRESENTATIVESISVERYIMPORTANTSINCE THEIDENTITYOFPARTICIPANTSTHEIRNUMBERANDATTRIBUTESWILLAFFECTTHEFAIRNESS OFTHEPROCESS5NFORTUNATELYALLTOOOFTENTHEREAREMINORITYGROUPSWITHLITTLE MEANSOFlNDINGREPRESENTATIONINDECISION MAKINGPROCESSESAFFECTINGTHEM)N SOMECASESPARTIESCANNOTPHYSICALLYATTENDnFOREXAMPLEFUTUREGENERATIONSOR OTHERSPECIES)NTHESECASESTHEQUESTIONISHOWTHEIRINTERESTSCANBEMEASURED ANDWHOCANORSHOULDREPRESENTTHEMFAIRLYASTHEPRESENCEOFOUTSIDERSCANAFFECT THEBALANCEANDCREATEASYMMETRY4HERISEINCIVILSOCIETYGROUPSPURPORTINGTO REPRESENTTHESECONSTITUENTSHASBEENDRAMATICOVERTHEPASTYEARS'LASIUSETAL 7HATEVERTHECHOICEOFREPRESENTATIONITISESSENTIALTHATALLPARTICIPANTS COMMITTOATTENDINGTHEWHOLEPROCESSnPARTIALATTENDANCEISUNACCEPTABLE)N ADDITIONPARTICIPANTSHAVETOHAVETHEFREEDOMTOMOVEFROMTHEPARTYLINEAND EXPLOREALTERNATIVEVIEWPOINTS4HIS@REPRESENTATIONASPECTINSCENARIOSCONTRASTS WITHTHEAPPROACHWHICHSEARCHCONFERENCESTAKEINTHISREGARDnWHEREPARTICIPANTS ATTENDASINDIVIDUALSNOTASREPRESENTATIVESSEE#HAPTERINTHISBOOK
Initiation
4HECODESOFINITIATIONAREANESSENTIALPARTOFTHEISSUEOFPROCESSFAIRNESS)N ORDERTOBEFAIRALLPARTIESREQUIREANEQUALCHANCETOFORMULATEANDAGREEUPON THESESTRUCTURESANDCODES(EREISSUESHINGEAROUNDTHEABILITYOFALLPARTIESTOBE HEARDANDTOHAVETHEIRINTERESTSAIRED4HEDESIGNOFTHEPROCESSIETHEAGENDA TIMESCALESFORPARTICULARTASKSASWELLASTHEPHYSICALFEATURESOFTHELOCATIONAND THEMODESOFCOMMUNICATIONnINCLUDINGTHELANGUAGESUSEDFORTHEPROCESSAND THEAVAILABILITYOFCOMMUNICATIONCHANNELS WILLALSOBEIMPORTANTTOESTABLISH PROCESSFAIRNESSPARTICULARLYWHENPARTIESDONOTSHARETHESAMELANGUAGEAND CUSTOMS
Discussion and decision
/PENANDFRANKDISCUSSIONWITHOUTREPERCUSSIONISAFEATUREOFPROCEDURALFAIRNESS )NPRACTICETHISMEANSENSURINGTHATALLPARTIESAREHEARDANDMULTIPLEISSUESARE PARTOFANINTEGRATEDWHOLEnINCORPORATINGTHELINKAGESBETWEENTHESEISSUESAND
THERELATIONSHIPSAMONGVARIOUSPARTIES4HEEXTENTTOWHICHTHISISACHIEVABLE WILLDEPENDUPONTHEABILITYOFTHEFACILITATORTOENSURETHATTHEAGREEDCODEOF ENGAGEMENTISADHEREDTOANDTHATTHEISSUESAIREDAREEQUALLYREPRESENTEDAND REPRODUCEDDURINGTHESCENARIO BUILDINGPROCESS.ATURALLYOFKEYIMPORTANCEIS THATTHEFORUMINWHICHTHESCENARIOPROCESSTAKESPLACEPROTECTSTHOSEINVOLVEDIN CANDIDENGAGEMENTFROMUNFAIRCONSEQUENCESDUETOTHISBEHAVIOURELSEWHERE /NEOFTHESTRENGTHSOFSCENARIOPRACTICEISITSBROAD/LYMPIANVIEWACROSS
STAKEHOLDERSANDISSUESASWELLASTHEINCLUSIONOFTHEIRINTERRELATIONSHIPS4HIS APPROACHCONTRASTSWITHMANYOTHERFORMSOFPROBLEMDElNITIONTHATUTILIZEAN ANALYTICALLYNARROWFOCUSOFTHESUBJECT!LTHOUGHTHELATTERCOURSEMIGHTMAKE INITIALAGREEMENTSIMPLERITISLIKELYTOREDUCETHEPERCEPTIONOFFAIRNESSDUE TOTHELACKOFRECOGNITIONOFTHECOMPLEXLINKAGESANDTHECUMULATIVEIMPACTS BETWEENENTITIESANDISSUES(OWEVERITISWORTHNOTINGTHATTHEFRAMINGTHAT ISTHEINTERPRETATIONUSEDBYINDIVIDUALSANDTHEGROUPTOPERCEIVEIDENTIFYAND LABELEVENTSANDISSUESWILLAFFECTUNDERSTANDINGANDGUIDEACTIONSPARTICULARLY WHENDEALINGWITHCOMPLEXITY'OFFMAN &RAMINGTAKESPLACEINMANY WAYSTHATAFFECTFAIRNESSINTERMSOFTHEDIVISIONOFAGOODORABADTHETIMESCALE LONGTERMSHORTTERMINTERGENERATIONAL ANDTHESIZEORDIMENSIONSOFTHEUNITS CONSIDERED )N SOME INSTANCES THERE ARE SENSITIVE ISSUES THAT CAN BE DESCRIBED AS
UNMENTIONEDOREVENUNMENTIONABLEDUETOSOCIALORPSYCHOLOGICALTABOOSOFTHE GROUPCULTUREORSOCIETY&OREXAMPLEINTHE5NITED.ATIONS*OINT0ROGRAMME ON()6!)$35.!)$3 SCENARIOPROCESS)WASINVOLVEDIN5.!)$3 CERTAINELEMENTSOFSEXUALBEHAVIOURFELLINTOTHISLATTERCATEGORY(OWEVERINORDER TOlNDASHAREDSOLUTIONITISIMPORTANTTOTRYANDRAISESUCHTABOOSWHICHWHILE UNMENTIONABLEARELIKELYTOHAVESTRONGSUBCONSCIOUSIMPACTUPONDECISIONS ANDBEHAVIOURS)NASIMILARVEINSHOULDTHEREBEANYPERCEPTIONTHATTHEREARE UNDISCLOSEDORHIDDENAGENDASORTHATSENSITIVEISSUESHAVEBEENREMOVEDFROM THEDISCUSSIONINTHISWAYINmUENCINGTHEFRAMINGTHEREWILLBEAPERCEIVEDLACK OFPROCEDURALFAIRNESS
Achieving
)NFORMATIONANDACCESSTOKNOWLEDGEARECURRENCIESOFPOWERIFWITHHELDOR MANIPULATEDNODECISIONWILLBECONSIDERED FAIR4HEQUALITYANDEXTENTOF INFORMATIONAVAILABLEAFFECTSFAIRNESS4HEREAREMANYEXAMPLESOFNEGOTIATIONS WHEREINFORMATIONASYMMETRYHASAFFECTEDTHEOUTCOMEANDINSUCHCASESTHE DISTRUSTENGENDEREDMAKESFUTURENEGOTIATIONSANDCONSENSUSMUCHHARDERTO ACHIEVE'OODSCENARIOPRACTICEENSURESTHATALLVOICESAREHEARDOVERCOMING THIS !CLASSICEXAMPLEWHEREKNOWLEDGEASYMMETRYLEDTOANOUTCOMEPERCEIVED
ASUNFAIRISTHE4RADE2ELATED!SPECTSOF)NTELLECTUAL0ROPERTY2IGHTS42)03
!GREEMENT-ANYARGUETHATDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESDIDNOTUNDERSTANDTHEIMPACT THATTHISAGREEMENTWOULDHAVEONTHEIRECONOMIESBUTACCEPTEDTHETERMSASA MEANSOFSECURINGAGREEMENTONAGRICULTURALREFORMSWHICHWOULDPROVIDEREVENUE &INGERAND3CHULER#ORREA(UTHER6ISSERINTERVIEWSIN%0/
3UBSTANTIVE FAIRNESSMEANSA FAIROUTCOME)NESSENCE FAIROUTCOMESWILLBE THOSETHATENLARGETHEGROUPWITHWHOMTHEREISSHAREDIDENTITY&AIROUTCOMES ENABLESTAKEHOLDERSORACTORSTOlNDAMEANSOFCO EXISTINGWITHOUTCONmICTBY ESTABLISHINGANEWSHAREDSETOFBELIEFSANDVALUESWORKINGOUTAMODUSVIVENDIOR BUILDINGACOMMUNITYOFTRUSTIECREATINGTHE@COMMONGROUND &AIROUTCOMESREQUIRETHATTHEPRINCIPLESUNDERLYINGTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFRESOURCES
ORREWARDSANDBURDENSORRISKSWITHINTHEAGREEMENTITSELFAREFAIRUSINGVARIOUS MECHANISMS!LBIN-ELLERSAND"ARON9OUNGA B 'OODSARENOTNECESSARILYTANGIBLEORQUANTITATIVEMAKINGDISTRIBUTION COMPLEX4HEYCANINCLUDECLEANAIRSOCIALORDEREMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIES SECURITYPOWERPHYSICALLANDOREVENPOLITICALANDSOCIALRECOGNITION,IABILITIES CANINCLUDEBOTHREALORPOTENTIALNEGATIVECONSEQUENCESANDLOSSESTOHUMAN BEINGSORTHETHINGSTHEYVALUE 4HEREAREANUMBEROFMECHANISMSUSEDTODISTRIBUTEGOODSANDLIABILITIES
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