ABSTRACT
Earthwork comprises the removal of soil or rock from one location to another. Excavation (‘cut’) may provide a level surface or subsurface on which construction can take place; and placement as ‘fill’ elsewhere may create a raised foundation or a structure in itself. If excavated material is taken to a placement area, that is ‘cut and fill’. If the cut material is not needed it is ‘wasted’ as ‘spoil’. If there is not enough suitable cut for necessary fill, then more is excavated from ‘borrow pits’.
