ABSTRACT
Sustainable energy transition in developing countries requires the deployment of hardware technologies that simultaneously address three objectives: achieving universal energy access, harvesting energy efficiency potentials, and deploying renewable energy technologies. These complementary activities, which respond to both the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement, require speeding and scaling up of deployments of commercially available hardware to replace polluting incumbents. Their viability and potential, their current usage and market penetrations, and their production costs and implementation issues, however, will largely depend upon contingent factors relative to the geographies, market conditions, political situations, and behaviors in places and spaces where they are and will be deployed.
