ABSTRACT
Fossil fuels are well-established products that have served industry and consumers for a long time. For the foreseeable future, fuels will still be largely based on fossil fuels that however continue to be adjusted as they have been and are still being adjusted to meet changing demands from consumers; for example, traditional crude oil rening underwent increasing levels of sophistication to produce fuels of appropriate specications, and increasing operating costs continuously put pressure on rening margins, but it remains problematic to convert all renery streams into products with acceptable speci-cations at a reasonable return (Ashby et al. 2009a,b; Kostoff et al. 2007; Pitkethly 2004; Whitesides 2001).
