ABSTRACT
The management of coastal and marine areas includes the protection of the coastal state’s security interests, including law enforcement and crime prevention. This extends to the identification of and enforcement against criminal activities which occur fully within maritime areas (e.g. piracy, crimes on board vessels, attacks on maritime installations), and those that originate in maritime areas but which are targeted at the commission of offences on land or in the internal waters of the state (e.g. drug or arms
CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 203 9.2 Criminal Activity at Sea ........................................................................... 205 9.3 The ‘Legal Seascape’ .................................................................................. 206
9.3.1 Internal Waters ............................................................................... 208 9.3.2 Territorial Sea ................................................................................. 208 9.3.3 Contiguous Zone............................................................................ 209 9.3.4 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) .................................................. 209 9.3.5 Continental Shelf ........................................................................... 210 9.3.6 Archipelagic Waters ...................................................................... 211 9.3.7 High Seas ........................................................................................ 211 9.3.8 Summary ......................................................................................... 213
9.4 Maritime Domain Awareness and Data Sources .................................. 213 9.4.1 Potential Data Sources................................................................... 214
9.5 Applications of Geoinformatics in Monitoring and Surveillance Operations ................................................................................................... 215
9.6 Issues Arising in the Application of Geoinformatics to Law Enforcement ................................................................................................ 219
9.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 220 References ............................................................................................................. 220 Conventions and Case Law ...............................................................................222
smuggling, human trafficking, terrorist intrusions). In the post-9/11 era, the importance of the seaborne threat to security interests acquired a new significance, and events such as the 2008 Mumbai attack (originating from the sea with the hijacking of the trawler Kuber), as well as the continuing threat of piracy in a number of regions, and mass migrations across the Mediterranean (see Chapter 15 by Mathews and Power of this volume), have only served to heighten the concerns. At the same time, the development and mandatory application of new technologies for vessel identification and tracking have increased the potential sources of relevant data by orders of magnitude, challenging the ability of authorities to not only monitor activity, but also to analyze and identify what presents an actual threat to be addressed.
