This chapter focuses on the several most visible neo-fascist actors in contemporary Italy, with the goal of assessing if, and to what extent, their mobilization can be likened to that of social movements, rather than political parties. The groups – Movimento Sociale – Fiamma Tricolore, Forza Nuova, and CasaPound Italia – share many ideological traits: a fascist legacy, nativism, and opposition to liberal democracy. The chapter considers the claims-making and repertoires of action of the three groups over time and looks at the way in which they relate to the domain of protest and party politics. It presents the data and methods of the study, and offers an overview of Italy’s neo-fascist parties and movements. The empirical study uses new quantitative data on the repertoires of action of the extreme right, collected through an extensive Political Claims Analysis of right-wing collective action in Italy, 1992–2015.