ABSTRACT
The most common type of urinary stone is calcium oxalate. Treatment is typically surgery.
Uric acid stones form at pH <5.5. Primary treatment and prevention is to alkalinize the urine; surgery is also an option.
Struvite stones are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals. They are classically caused by infection with a urease-producing bacterium. Urinary pH is >7.2. Treatment is surgery and antibiotics.
Cystine stones are caused by a congenital autosomal recessive disorder. Treatment is urinary alkalinization and cystine chelating agents.
Calcium phosphate stones are associated with Type 1 renal tubular acidosis (RTA).
Dietary interventions to prevent stones include increased fluid intake, decreased protein intake, and decreased sodium intake.
Pharmacological interventions to prevent stones include thiazides, citrate, allopurinol, sodium cellulose phosphate, and chelating agents.
