ABSTRACT
Techniques for nipple and areola reconstruction have focused of late on preventing loss of nipple volume over time that is a frequent recurrence and methods for enhancement of nipple projection. Nipple-areola complex reconstruction is the final phase of the breast reconstruction process and plays a significant role in patients’ overall satisfaction. The nipple-areola complex is the primary landmark of the breast, as it is located at the prominence of the breast mound. The nipple itself may project as much as 1 cm or more, with a diameter of approximately 4—7 mm. The goal of nipple-areola reconstruction is to replicate the size, shape, texture, projection, and position of the contralateral breast or the preoperative conditions. Skin grafting of the areola has the advantages of providing a textured, wrinkled surface and distinct differences in degrees of pigmentation, resembling a normal areola.
