ABSTRACT
Glycemic impact, de™ned as “the weight of glucose that would induce a glycemic response equivalent to that induced by a given amount of food” (Miller-Jones 2007), expresses relative glycemic potential in grams of glycemic glucose equivalents (GGEs) per speci™ed amount of food. Therefore, GGE behaves as a food component, and (relative) glycemic impact (RGI) is the GGE intake responsible for a glycemic response (Monro and Shaw 2008). RGI differs from glycemic index (GI), because it refers to food and depends on food intake, whereas GI refers to carbohydrate
CONTENTS
11.1 Glycemic Response to Sugars and Sweeteners ..................................................................... 329 11.2 Gastrointestinal Tolerance .................................................................................................... 334 11.3 Dental Health ........................................................................................................................ 336
11.3.1 Dental Caries ............................................................................................................ 336 11.4 Prebiotics and Digestive Health ............................................................................................340 11.5 Calorie Control and Weight Management ............................................................................ 342
11.5.1 Arti™cial Sweetener Intake in Children ................................................................... 343 11.5.2 Observational Studies of Arti™cial Sweeteners and Weight Gain in Children ........344 11.5.3 Interventional Studies of Arti™cial Sweeteners and Weight Gain in Children ........ 345 11.5.4 Do Arti™cial Sweeteners Help Reduce Weight? ....................................................... 345 11.5.5 Arti™cial Sweeteners and Energy ............................................................................. 347 11.5.6 Can Consumption of High-Intensity Sweeteners Disrupt Energy Balance? ............348 11.5.7 High-Fructose Corn Syrup, Energy Intake, and Body Weight ................................. 349 11.5.8 Honey and Weight Gain ............................................................................................ 350 11.5.9 Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain ......................................................... 351
11.6 Human Performance Applications ....................................................................................... 353 11.6.1 Ingestion of Carbohydrates before Exercise ............................................................. 353 11.6.2 Ingestion of Carbohydrate Beverages during Exercise ............................................. 354 11.6.3 Ingestion of Carbohydrates during Recovery ........................................................... 355
References ...................................................................................................................................... 355
and is a unitless index value unresponsive to food intake. Glycemic load (GL) is the theoretical cumulative exposure to glycemia over a period of time and is derived from GI as GI × carbohydrate intake. Contracted to a single intake of food, GL approximates RGI but cannot be accurately expressed in terms of glucose equivalents, because GI is measured by using equal carbohydrate intakes with usually unequal responses. RGI, on the other hand, is based on relative food and reference quantities required to give equal glycemic responses; hence, it is accurately expressed as GGE. The properties of GGE allow it to be used as a virtual food component in food labeling and in foodcomposition databases linked to nutrition management systems to represent the glycemic impact of foods alongside nutrient intakes. GGE can also indicate carbohydrate quality when used to compare foods in equal carbohydrate food groupings (Monro and Shaw 2008).
