ABSTRACT
Jammu and Kashmir in the northwestern part of the Himalayas witnessed many moderate to large magnitude frequent earthquake events. In the last two decades, the progress of infrastructure projects is boomed in this region. Earthquake-resilient design of structural elements of any development project is very challenging, especially in seismic-prone zones. In this paper, an attempt has been done to develop the seismic fragility functions for various tunnels located in three phases of the Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) Project. The outcomes of this study reveal that most of the tunnels in Phase 1 of this project are subjected to extensive damage. Near-field active tectonic sources, weathered rock conditions, high seismicity, and landslide vulnerability all contributed to portal damage and significant lining failure at such sites. This study will assist design engineers in advocating for earthquake-resistant tunnels and underground facilities in Jammu and Kashmir. It will pave the way for earthquake-resistant design of infrastructure projects in the Himalayas.
