ABSTRACT
The increase in demand for high-data rates on the move in the complex urban environment requires either the allocation of new spectrum such as available contiguous spectrum in the mm-wave band or the use of novel configurations such as the application of massive multiple-input multiple-output technology. To enable the design of efficient wireless networks, an understanding of the propagation phenomena in the diverse urban environments is fundamental. This chapter presents results of studies related to fourth generation and future fifth generation radio systems both outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor. Classifications include rural and highway, base station (BS) to pedestrian users, vehicular-to-vehicular, vehicular-to-infrastructure, container terminals, vegetation, and high-speed mobility such as trains. The chapter also presents result for path loss and shadow fading from various studies of stochastic and deterministic channel models based in outdoor, indoor-to-outdoor, hotspots, vehicular, and train environments.
