ABSTRACT
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants resulting from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, with numerous anthropogenic sources including industrial processes and domestic energy production. This chapter delves into the environmental prevalence, toxicological mechanisms, and regulatory challenges surrounding PAHs, highlighting their widespread occurrence, even in remote areas. While global emissions peaked in 1995, subsequent reductions in major emitting regions have been observed; however, rebound phenomena due to climate change raise concerns of re-volatilization from environmental sinks. The chapter discusses extensive contamination of soil, sediments, and water bodies, with serious implications for human health and ecosystem integrity, since PAHs are linked to severe conditions including various cancers and endocrine disruption. Furthermore, the bioavailability of PAHs in contaminated sites is critically examined, revealing the complexities of assessing their risks. The effectiveness of traditional remediation strategies is debated, underscoring the need for innovative approaches that account for the long-term consequences of PAHs and their non-extractable residues. Regulatory frameworks must evolve to incorporate risk-based management strategies that consider ageing and desorption kinetics of contaminants and their interaction with soil organic matter. Emphasizing international cooperation, the chapter calls for innovative solutions tailored to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of PAH contamination, with a particular focus on vulnerable populations and communities impacted by industrial practices. This comprehensive exploration not only elucidates the multifaceted nature of PAHs in the environment but also underscores the urgency for integrated strategies to address their pervasive effects on health and sustainability.
