ABSTRACT
Soil degradation is a pressing global challenge that is exacerbated by anthropogenic activities, particularly through the use of plant protection products (PPPs). Among these, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) warrant significant attention due to their persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity to non-target organisms and humans. OCPs, including DDT, aldrin, and endosulfan, have been widely used since the mid-twentieth century, primarily for agricultural and public health purposes. However, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health led to a global movement toward their regulation and eventual ban. Despite this, OCP residues continue to be detected in soil, water, and biological systems due to their long half-lives and capacity for long-range atmospheric transport. The literature reveals a concerning persistence of these compounds across various ecosystems, underscoring the need for continued monitoring and assessment of their impact. The ecological consequences are profound, affecting biodiversity, soil health, and food safety, while also posing significant risks to human health, such as endocrine disruption and various chronic diseases. As the focus shifts from usage to management and remediation of contaminated environments, innovative bioremediation strategies are being explored. These include harnessing microbial and phytoremediation techniques to degrade OCPs effectively, contributing to both environmental restoration and public health protection. Future challenges include understanding the mechanisms of degradation, ensuring effective large-scale application of remediation technologies, and establishing comprehensive monitoring frameworks to mitigate the legacy of OCP contamination.
