ABSTRACT
Significant deformation of tunnel segment linings during the construction period can lead to problems such as segment damage and water leakage. To clarify the deformation patterns of the segments and provide a foundation for controlling these deformations, this study developed an automated monitoring system for comprehensive monitoring of tunnel joints throughout the construction process. The segment deformation and misalignment between rings were identified, and load analysis revealed the deformation causes. This provides insights for controlling segment deformation. The analysis shows that during the tail shield stage, segments exhibit “bell” deformation, transitioning to minimal deformation in the grouting stage, with a joint opening of approximately 0.11 mm. Segment misalignment occurs in two stages: an inward shift relative to the smaller ring number during the tail shield stage and an upward shift after exiting the shield, stabilizing after 54 rings. The causes of both segment deformation and misalignment are uneven grease and grout pressures.
