ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY………418 1.1. The challenges of adapting to climate change………418 1.2. Adaptation Measures Already Implemented In Several Countries………419 1.3. General Principles For Adaptation………419 1.4. Technical Advances And Other New Ideas………421 2. INTRODUCTION………422 2.1. Question 108 title………423 2.2. Approach Adopted………423 2.3. Contributions………424 2.3.1. National Committee Reports………424 2.3.2. Individual Contributions………424 2.4. Note On The Time Horizon………425 2.5. Two Central Concepts: Uncertainty And Local Effects………425 2.6. Definitions………425 3. CHALLENGES OF ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE………430 3.1. Climate Change Is Driven Globally, But Manifests Locally………430 3.1.1. Global Drivers………430 3.1.2. Uncertainties and Local Variability, but More Droughts………431 3.1.3. Relationship with Dams and Levees………432 3.2. Increased Hazards………432 3.3. Biodiversity crisis………434 3.4. Experiences from different countries, affected or not………436 4. GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR ADAPTATION………440 4.1. Thinking ahead, exploring options, engaging in dialogue………440 4.2. Key points………442 4.2.1. Adaptation Requires Reducing Vulnerability………442 4.2.2. Adaptability requires flexibility………443 4.3. Fresh water storage………447 4.3.1. Current overview………447 4.3.2. Increasing Storage When Possible………448 4.3.3. The Limitations of Storage in Reservoirs………450 4.3.4. Storage Strategies………451 4.4. Limiting floods………454 4.4.1. Integrated approaches………454 4.4.2. Additional storage in dams………454 4.4.3. Keeping in mind the limitations of flood storage………456 4.5. Promoting biodiversity………456 4.6. Governance: making the right decisions………457 4.6.1. A question of methodology………457 4.6.2. Thinking in Terms of Sustainability………458 4.6.3. Accepting and Covering the Additional Cost of Adaptation………461 4.6.4. Sharing water………462 4.6.5. Sharing and enhancing space………465 4.7. Research and engineering: study requirements………465 4.7.1. Data!………465 4.7.2. Reference models and scenarios: a necessity………466 5. TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS………471 5.1. Off-river storage………471 5.1.1. Overview, principles and benefits………471 5.1.2. Some recent examples………473 5.1.3. The Issue of reservoir watertightness………478 5.1.4. The "Overflow": A Cost-Effective Tool for Ultimate Safety………479 5.2. Pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) plants………480 5.2.1. Role and general principles………480 5.2.2. Some recent examples………483 5.2.3. Optimizing Costs and Construction Pace: Example of the Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) Construction Policy in China………484 5.2.4. Exploring Low-Head (High-Flow) PSH Systems………485 5.2.5. Utilization of Seawater in Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH)………487 5.2.6. Key Technical Aspects………487 5.2.7. Interest of CMDs for PSP reservoir dams [ML].………491 5.2.8. Reorienting Traditional Hydropower Production Toward Energy Storage………491 5.3. Hydro-solar association………492 5.3.1. Overview, principles and benefits………492 5.3.2. Technologies that still need to mature………495 5.3.3. New risks for dams?………496 5.3.4. Hybridization………497 5.4. Other pumping solutions………499 5.4.1. Flood Mitigation………499 5.4.2. Seasonal storage reserves………500 5.5. Aquifer storage and underground dams………500 5.5.1. Overview, Principle, and Benefits………500 5.5.2. Surface aquifer storage………501 5.5.3. Maintaining Aquifer Renewal Through Additional Surface Storage………505 5.6. Offshore dams and Sea Barriers………505 5.6.1. Overview, Principles and Benefits………505 5.6.2. Coastal Protections: Examples and Ideas………507 5.6.3. Tidal Energy: the Tidal garden concept………509 6. ACRONYMS………510 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY………511 7.1. Question 108 reports………511 7.2. Personal contributions………513 7.3. General bibliography………514 7.4. Bibliography by world regions………517
