ABSTRACT
In the Indonesian context, Shari’a operates on two levels: as a framework for personal religious observance and as a tool for political identity (Islamism). The former involves individual compliance with religious obligations, such as fasting during Ramadan and performing Hajj, while the latter seeks to regulate all aspects of governance, potentially replacing secular laws, including Pancasila. This paper examines Shari’a-based regional bylaws in Indonesia through two lenses: legal content and the politicisation of Shari’a. By analysing these regional regulations, we demonstrate how they reflect a bureaucratic approach to Shari’a implementation and contribute to the shariatisation of political systems. The paper argues that regulating personal religious practices remains compatible with democracy as long as it aligns with Pancasila's foundational values. Ultimately, this study highlights the intersection between religious law, governance, and Indonesia's commitment to pluralism.
