ABSTRACT
The characteristics of particles, including shape, size, and relative density, are essential in assessing liquefaction behavior of granular materials. Although numerous researches have examined individual effects of these factors, their combined effect on liquefaction resistance are frequently overlooked. This study addresses this gap through an extensive literature review and introduces a novel dimensionless parameter, “packing index,” which integrates particle morphology, gradation, and relative density. Packing index exhibits a power-law relationship with cyclic resistance ratio, capturing both bulk properties and particle characteristics. To validate its applicability, the proposed equation was validated against four independent published datasets not used in the initial statistical analysis. The proposed equation showed high predictive accuracy, with most data points falling within a 15% error margin and an RMSE of 5.27%. However, its applicability is currently limited to clean sands with Cu ≤ 2.5, relative density between 20% and 90%, and a confining stress of 100 kPa.
