ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the etiological factors, classification, and management of black triangle. Method: Literature reviews with article searches were carried out through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholars database with the inclusion criteria articles published in 2014-2024 to identify studies of etiology and treatment management of black triangle. Two examiners performed the eligibility and quality assessment of relevant studies. Result: Several surgical and non-surgical techniques have been proposed to manage black triangle. The non-surgical approaches include periodontic, orthodontic, prosthetic, and restorative procedures. The surgical approaches are coronally advanced flap and connective tissue graft. Black triangle management often requires a combination of various approaches to obtain predictable results, especially in extensive loss of periodontal support due to periodontal disease. Conclusion: Black triangle management requires careful evaluation of underlying causes and treatment options should be discussed before treatment to achieve successful clinical outcomes.
