ABSTRACT
This paper examines the evolving dynamics between regionalism and globalism as frameworks for structuring the international order. Globalism, with its emphasis on transnational cooperation and institutional governance, has historically underpinned global integration, particularly in the 21st century. However, the rise of regionalism in the form of localized cooperation, cultural affinity, and strategic regional blocs has challenged the dominance of globalist models. Through comparative case studies of the European Union (EU), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the African Union (AU), alongside global institutions like the United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO), this study explores how both paradigms function in practice, their inherent tensions, and potential complementarities. It argues that neither regionalism nor globalism alone can address the complex, multilayered challenges of the 21st century. Instead, a hybrid governance approach termed ‘glocalism’ may offer a more effective, adaptive, and equitable path forward. The findings highlight the need for integrated, multilevel governance systems capable of fostering cooperation at both global and regional scales.
