ABSTRACT
The “genetically modified” or “transgenic” foods are referred to as those produced by altering their genetic makeup by inserting genes from different sources through recombinant DNA technology. The primary purpose of this technique is to produce transgenic crops that are either herbicide or insecticide-resistant, or disease- and drought-resistant, or have an enhanced nutritional profile and increased shelf life. The few examples of genetically modified foods include Golden Rice having increased vitamin A content, soybeans having herbicide resistance, Bt corn having resistance to insect infestation, Bt brinjal having insect resistance property, Flavr Savr tomato with increased shelf life, and bananas with the potential to produce human vaccines against infectious diseases (such as hepatitis B), among many others. The agricultural scientists perceive GM foods as a potent solution to address the issues of food shortage, food scarcity, and pest and weed infestations. However, there is also some growing concern in the scientific and intellectual community of different domains, consumers, and farmers, that GM foods pose risks to food security, human health, and the environment. There is also some apprehension that GM foods may lead to antibiotic resistance, the rise of superweeds and super pests, and food allergies. Moreover, another issue arises due to scientific literacy among consumers worldwide, who are displaying limited understanding and have unfamiliarity and misconceptions with GMO food products. Nevertheless, it has been opined that proper labeling of GM food and periodic seminars with scientific experts may resolve the problem of knowledge dissemination. The ongoing debate surrounding the advantageous or adverse effects of GM foods mainly focuses on the consequences of tampering with Mother Nature, which warrant a proper risk assessment. Although government regulations exist to produce GM foods, regular global vigilance is required. This chapter reviews the benefits and risks associated with GM foods on ecosystem, biodiversity, human health, and environmental conservation with the recent facts and findings.
